The doha development

The doha development Doha development round The Doha development round is also called the Doha development agenda. It commenced in November 2002 as the trade negotiation round of (WTO) world trade organization. Its main objectives are to increase trade globally by lowering the trade barriers around the world. It began with the ministerial meeting in Qatar in 2001 then subsequent meetings took place in- Mexico (2003) Honkong (2005) Related meetings took place in Geneva, Switzerland (2004, 2006, 2008) Paris, France (2005) Potsdam, Germany (2007) The recent negotiation broke down on July 2008 which held as a failure to reach compromise on agricultural import rules. Negotiations Trade negotiation committee has overseen the talks of Doha negotiations, whose chairman is currently Pascal Lamys director general. The negotiations held in existing bodies of WTO and in five working groups. Topics of negotiations are market access, development and maintenance issues, to rules and regulations, trade expansions and other issues. Before Doha Before Doha negotiations there were WTO ministerial conferences. First WTO conference held in Singapore in 1996 for 4 major issues-government procurement, custom issues, investments in trade, competition and trade. These issues became known as Singapore issues. In spite of conferences no conclusion was reached, and then developed nations argued that other new trade negotiations mist include tat issues. In 1999 it was intended to start the millennium round but due to several different events it was never started. And it was decided by working groups that it will not be started until the first ministerial meeting in Doha, Qatar in 2001. Inbuilt agenda of 2000 on agriculture and trade in services merged with the Doha negotiations. Doha 2001 The Doha development agenda, DDA started in November 2001,to negotiate on agricultural issues, trade in services, also gats and trips negotiations. The main objective of this round was to make the trade regulations fairer for all the countries but according to various critics system of trade rules adopted in Doha round was bad for developing countries and against their domestic trade policies. Cancun, 2003 This meeting was collapsed after four days because of differences in Singapore issues; also few countries did not show flexibility in their operations, rather than trade negotiations they only replaced their demands and wide differences between the trade negotiations of developing and developed countries. Geneva, 2004 The main focus of this negotiation was on market access and reduction of agricultural export subsidies. Comprise was made on negotiation of Singapore issues, developing countries played a great role in the negotiation of trade facilitation. Paris, 2005 In was held on may of 2005 with the intentions to get the tangible progress before December of 2005.this conference was Hanging around issues like- cutting of subsides to farmers in France, issues relating to chicken, beef and rice and other technical issues. Geneva, 2006 This was held in June 2006 but it failed to reach on conclusion about import rules and taxes, reducing farming subsidies. Geneva, 2008 It was started on July 21, 2008 at the WTOS headquarters but failed to compromise on SSM, special safeguard issues. Differential treatment was provided to the developing countries in the form of import volume expansions. Negotiations on these issues continued in June 2009 since the last conference.50% were the odds of success said by Pascal Lamy. This negotiation expected to last for 4 days but instead of lasting 9 days it did not reach to conclusion. There were also disagreements onn various issues like protection to Indian and Chinese farmers and African imports to te European union. Why the Doha round matters Over a billion of people live under poverty. The IMF and World Bank estimated that 7% growth rate is needed to achieve the goal of halving the poverty by 2015.trade liberalization is an important part of development. Its main purpose is to provide the trade opportunities to countries and to provide more jobs and also to allow poor people to improve their lives. This can be achieved through more exports. More exports high economic growth-more stimuli to domestic reformsfaster poverty reduction. Trade liberalization is not only the answer no doubt investments in infrastructure, health issues or education is also requires. Therefore Doha round engaged in strengthening the institutions and improving the education and health services in developing countries. Deadlock of Doha As stated earlier DDA was started 2001 and expected to achieve the goals by 2005.after 7 turbulent years later after many ministerial meetings-after various mini-ministerial conferences -still we do not have an agreement. The collapsed of negotiations occur because of rejection by US on the demand made by china and India about the usage of safeguard measures is called deadlock of Doha The issues raised in Doha round by developing countries were the corner stone of necessary agriculture negotiations in the Doha agenda. The negotiating mandate include 2 key issues- Reducing trade distorting subsidies Food security and trade development Besides the tariff reduction issues, goals were met with much resistance regarding the minimization of distortions in agriculture market. Despite this compromise by the US developing countries still willing that US should also compromise on non-agriculture products tariff and non-tariff barriers. Important issues Agriculture It has become the most controversial issue of Doha round.2001 Doha round ended with an agreement to substantial improvements in the agriculture market-reductions of export subsides and reductions in the trade distorting support. Special products must be exempt from cuts Limit the number of import sensitive products Food security and livelihood considerations Access to patented medicines The main issue of Doha was trade related aspects of intellectual property rights (TRIPS) The issue revolves around- Public health issues in developing countries Balance of interest between pharmacy companies Compulsory licenses for the export of pharmacy products to least developed and other member countries Special and differential treatment The one of the main issue as to strengthen and to make more precise, effective the special and deferential treatment (S D).developed and developing countries gave the separate deadlines for SD provisions. Also developing countries argued that developed countries were negotiating in good faith on the other hand they argued that developing countries were unreasonable in making the proposals. Implementation issues Developing countries had the limited capacity or inadequate technical assistance that is why they argued that they have had implementation problems with the agreements reached in the earlier of Uruguay round. They also claimed that apparel in country markets and large access for textiles did not benefit them what thy expected. Some of thee implementation issues resolved by WTO members and they directed two path approach for other remaining issues. Reasons for Doha failure Developing countries did not reciprocate on trade concessions For the collapse of negotiations, technically the US was blamed for this but US felt that developing nations had not open the markets in the way they were asked to open and so there were no point in negotiating the talks. Media attention lacking These meetings lacked media attention. You would hardly find any information about going of these meetings because this information did not mention in many mainstream media, even not on prime time televisions and on news broadcast. May be the media was catching the conflicts in Lebanon at and not the proceedings of WTO meeting. Some argue that democracies are expected to be accountable by an informed citizenry so it hardly matters whether media people cover this or not. Failure since Doha started in 2001 This collapsed of negotiation were not of sudden on it were from the beginning only. Developed nations demand developing nations for using unfair ways and poor countries in turn blaming rich countries for this failure. Negotiations and meetings aimed at a world that no longer exists It was argued that neither the collapsed and nor he recriminations were taken as too seriously. The Doha round continuously failed in spite of pace o growth in he world economy. Negotiations- Focused on issues that no longer exists Required efforts for taking actions against developing nations unwillingness to undertake One of the causes is that working groups focusing on same decisions to resolved the almost all issues. Therefore it was said that Success requires a different rules and players for different games. Impasses over the agriculture result in as much an excuse as a factor of breakdown. Is collapse of Doha a bad thing? Its collapse may be a good thing, if it is taken that the Doha development round focused on an issues misaligned with real world. The new WTO members brought during the Uruguay round have different perceptions about economic interests and trade offs with that of older members, board of the old GATT system. MFN clauses can one of the problems. Its main motive was to protect the smaller nation members like New Zealand and Luxemburg from larger nations like Japan and US. Despite of MFN, like the old trading systems new emerging systems for trade preferences also looks uncomfortable. Economic impact of Doha round In 2001 world income increased from $40 to $60 billion It means that less than 0.2% rise in global GDP. Liberalizing trade lead to global gains of $90 to $120 billion per year. Real lessons from Doha failure It was arguing that Doha development agenda was ill-conceived from the beginning only. Its main objective was to promote economic welfare through trade-offs.but this objective was more or less based on fantasies. Therefore objects be clearly defined after considering the various factors. Set realistic priorities American leaders must persuade bilaterally along with multilaterally, if they want to use trade rules and policies for strategic purposes. The trade initiatives should not be focusing on only third development nations but also on the global economy and world trading system. The Doha development agenda objectives reflected that developing nations are becoming most important international trade players and that is why they deserve a great voice while negotiating in the meetings. Leaving aside whether equality and rights effects economic regulations and policy making, global roles of developing nations has been over stated. Doha round should give more grant to developing nations a greater roles in negotiations. Ways to collude DDA OECD members will move forward They can move forward in number of areas- Services Manufacturing sectors Product standards recognitions Pricing of products And range of other issues On manufacturing tariffs there should be zero-for-zero plurilateral agreement. Worlds governments need to develop an multilateral trade system for the preservation of benefits from trade development and growth. Anti-democratic ways must be prune away contained in WTO rules for domestic policy making. Rules must be designed for a single homogenized market in spite of setting terms for separate nations with different priorities. The WTO members must be scaled back so that multilaterally treaties for public interest can serve as a floor of conduct of trade. Some other principles Participation Sustainable development High priorities should be given to subjects not negotiated Nothing can be agreed until everything is agreed Conclusion We can say that because of this negotiating process, the geopolitical map is becoming more complex There were increase in power disputes between national governments and negotiation procedures have become explicit with the role of international networks It is also clearly indicated that free trade policies most of the time favored the big corporations and developing nations do not want to follow these policies. However the IMFS and the WTO are in setback but they still influence on economic thinking. Now there is an undermining of global trade liberalization which act as an engine for development in earlier years. Rethinking the multilateral trade system means giving more priority to local methods of production and to the sustainability of life and planet. References www.wto.org www.google.com www.dfat.gov.com www.reuters.com www.businessstandard.com www.news.smh.com www.atimes.com www.forbes.com

Organic Chemis

CHEMISTRY HIGHER lEvEl PaPER 2 Monday 18 May 2009 (afternoon) 2 hours 15 minutes INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES Write your session number in the boxes above. Do not open this examination paper until instructed to do so. Section A: answer all of Section A in the spaces provided. Section B: answer two questions from Section B. Write your answers on answer sheets. Write your session number on each answer sheet, and attach them to this examination paper and your cover sheet using the tag provided. At the end of the examination, indicate the numbers of the questions answered in the candidate box on your cover sheet and indicate the number of sheets used in the appropriate box on your cover sheet. †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Candidate session number 0 0 2209-6108 19 pages  © International Baccalaureate Organization 2009 0119 –2– Section a Answer all the questions in the spaces provided. 1. M09/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ1/XX+ Biodiesel makes use of plants’ ability to fix atmo spheric carbon by photosynthesis. Many companies and individuals are now using biodiesel as a fuel in order to reduce their carbon footprint.Biodiesel can be synthesized from vegetable oil according to the followingreaction. O H C O C R O H C O C R (l)+ 3CH3OH(l) O H C O C R H H H NaOH(s) H C OH H C OH (l)+3 CH3 H C OH H O O C R (l) vegetableoil (a) methanol glycerol biodiesel [1] Identifytheorganicfunctionalgrouppresentinbothvegetableoilandbiodiesel. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. (b) For part of her extended essay investigation into the efficiency of the process, a student reacted a pure sample of a vegetable oil (where R=C17H33) with methanol. Therawdatarecordedforthereactionisbelow. Massofoil = 1013. g Massofmethanol = 200. 0g Massofsodiumhydroxide = 3. 5g Massofbiodieselproduced= 811. 0g Therelativemolecularmassoftheoilusedbythestudentis885. 6. Ca lculatetheamount (inmoles)oftheoilandthemethanolused,andhencetheamount(inmoles)ofexcess [3] methanol.

A Teacher s View On The Purpose Of Schooling - 989 Words

As an educator, it is important to have a personal teaching philosophy based on your beliefs. It also helps you to keep the focus on what your goals are as an educator and the way you plan to integrate those goals into your teaching. A statement of philosophy begins with the educator s view on the purpose of schooling. In what ways are teachers going to challenge students to have high achievement standards? Along with goals for students, what are their responsibilities going to entail? These two questions play into the most significant focus of a teacher s philosophy: what is my role going to be as a teacher? What standards do I want to be the focus of my classroom? Also, a personal philosophy is not strictly in the classroom; there should be a basis of beliefs for actions outside of the school setting. As a teacher or individual in the school setting, it is necessary to define the purpose of education and learning. This starts by laying out standards such as why, what, and how students learn. Recognizing student learning patterns allows the teacher to keep focused on where her student s progress should be. It is important for students to learn so they are knowledgeable on topics of the world they live in; if a person does not learn basic things while in school they will not be able to look out for themselves in the real world. Students should be taught things like respect, integrity, kindness, and other virtues in order to be successful people. TheyShow MoreRelated Philosophy of Education Essay1036 Words   |  5 Pagesperspective possessed by a teacher has on affects the ability and effectiveness of their teaching methods. Therefore a teacher must be one who appreciates and respects education and formalized schooling. In the following paragraphs I will give a general description of my views on education. I will describe how I view the acquisition of knowledge, common student nature, what I believe the purpose of education is and my desired m ethod and curriculum. Future teachers should carefully consider eachRead MoreAnalysis Of Against The School By John Taylor Gatto956 Words   |  4 Pagesand what the purpose it fulfils now. He also educates us on the fact that all the great discoverers never attended school and were self-educated.The main idea Gatto addresses in his article are that public schooling is doing the youth an injustice.He implies that the purpose of schooling, now is to turn children into good employes and someone who follows orders. With this essay Gatto intends to get the proverbial wheels by changing the reader s mind by presenting them his own view of the educationalRead MoreMy Education Philosophy 1511 Words   |  6 Pagesthat what exists really exists, and cannot be changed because it is permanent, and cannot be new because it is regular. In contrast to Idealists, Pragmatists believes that there are no unchanging or eternal truths. Pragmatists reject the dualistic view of the world. Gutek states, â€Å"Dewey argued against a dualistic conception of the universe, which he claimed was merely a human contrivance designed to postulate a theoretically unchanging realm of complete and perfect certitude† (1997, p. 84). UnlikeRead MoreHorace Mann, John Dewey, And Paulo Freire907 Words   |  4 Pagesthey all have certain views on education, and what they believe is the purpose of. These people are Horace Mann, John Dewey, and Paulo Freire. They all have a different vision of how they perceive education. There philosophical beliefs are very broad and interesting due to the fact that they see things in a certain perspective. It opens up our eyes to see how each of these historical people think. Horace Mann believed that we cannot have a successful country without schooling systems. Which can beRead MoreEducation Empowers, Schooling Stifles Essay1307 Words   |  6 PagesEducation Empowers, Schooling Stifles Education has been the subject of some of the most heated discussions in American history. It is a key point in political platforms. It has been subject to countless attempts at reform, most recently No Child Left Behind and Common Core. Ardent supporters of institutional schools say that schools provide access to quality education that will allow the youth of our country to gain necessary skills to succeed in life. Critics take a far more cynical view. The book RereadingRead MoreThe Impact Of Technology On Education And Education Essay1317 Words   |  6 Pagesa large part of education and schooling. Views on types of schooling and education are changing rapidly. Videos and articles can be found all over the Internet on basically any subject you can think of. Much of today’s schooling is done through online classes. Due to the increasing popularity of technology in education and the availability of the service, how schools are run will change and the need for teachers and s taff will lessen. In the near future all schooling will be done by and through technologyRead MoreEssay on My Philosophy of Teaching999 Words   |  4 PagesPhilosophy of Education Throughout the history of education, there have been many different philosophical views. The views have varied from Platos The Republic, to Rousseaus Emile. Plato believed that the purpose of education was to create a perfect city-state, while Rousseau believed that the purpose was to develop people, who freely choose good. Both of these philosophies cooperate with my beliefs; however, my beliefs do differ in some aspects. Through my philosophies covering the natureRead MoreThe Sociological Imagination, By Martin Luther King944 Words   |  4 Pagesinterests does schooling serve and why?’ In addressing this question, one needs to discuss why is an education so valued in Australia today. Education has had three phases of development according, to Van Krieken, 2013. Each phase being associated with a set of beliefs about the nature and purpose of education. Firstly, the advent of the modern system from the mid-19th century to World War II, influenced chiefly by liberal humanist ideas. Secondly, post World War II expansion into the late 1970’s was influencedRead MoreThe Cuban Government And Schooling1296 Words   |  6 Pagesclaimed it is the best education system in Latin America and the Caribbean. The system is driven by high literacy rates, strong teacher and student performance, and its availability to all citizens of Cuba (Gasperini, 2000). To understand why the Cuban education system has been so successful, it is important to know past history between the Cuban government and schooling. The education system has been run by the state since 1961. The Cuban government reserves 10-11% of its national budget forRead MoreThe Fallacy Of Public Education1580 Words   |  7 Pagescoursework. In the 1980’s there was a great number of graduates who could not even read. How can the proponents of the public education system even make claims that to be successful today, children need to attend their institutions? Today’s formal, public educational system of schooling is not necessary because it is a system that is broken; it’s aim is to keep children in a state of childishness, not to better our country. In his essay, Gatto argues that the formal style of schooling today is not needed

Julius Caesar Comparison of the Eulogies of Mark Antony...

Eulogy, noun. – A well versed, powerful speech which praises someone after their death. In The Tragedy of Julius Caesar, there are two of the most famous, and repeated eulogies ever spoken. These eulogies are very powerful and speak to everyone. They are both written very eloquently, but very different at the same time. One is written as a sadness for Caesar, while the other is written as a man who wants to make others feel guilty for his doing. Both speeches seem to tug on the heart strings of Rome’s public. They both use different techniques of drawing the crowd into their thinking. In the speeches we can see notes of verbal irony, speech structure, and repetition of words that help to persuade the crowds of plebeians. The†¦show more content†¦Brutus, as far as I can tell, uses little to no verbal irony. This could be a good thing, but not for him, because it can be used to better persuade a crowd into your way of thinking. Also, Antony tries to bring about the feeling of doubt in the plebeians by using some contradicting statements, â€Å"Brutus is an honorable mankilling Cà ¦sar was wrongful,† and making Cà ¦sar the most honorable person in all of Rome. A further way that the two speeches differ is their structure. Antony’s speech was more like freeform poetry, whereas Brutus’s speech was more like a story. Antony’s speech came from his heart, and unrehearsed, yet still seems to win over the crowd better than Brutus could. Brutus’s speech was completely rehearsed, and spoken with hardly emotion. Antony should have had no chance of swaying the eager crowd because of Brutus’s exceptional oration skills. Yet another way these two speeches differ is the use of word repetition. Antony continually uses repetition of the words honorable and (y). Brutus does not use this rhetorical device to his advantage as he should. Antony’s continued use of the word â€Å"honorable† makes it seem like a worthless trait to hold. It makes the plebeians think that Brutus was not worthy of this title, and that he ed Cà ¦sar for no reason other than showing his humbleness to the public.